At-will end-of-line or complete justifying typewriter



P. LEGLISE Oct. 6, 1959 AT-WILL END-OF-LINE OR COMPLETE JUSTIFYING TYPEWRITER Filed July 20, 1954 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 //v VE/V 70/1 B ma. [2} ATTORNEY Oct. 6, 1959 P. LEGLISE 2,907,437

AT-WILL END-OF-LINE OR COMPLETE JUSTIFYING TYPEWRITER Filed July 20, 1954 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 P. LEGLISE Oct. 6, 1959 AT-WILL END-OF-LINE OR COMPLETE JUSTIFYING TYPEWRITER Filed July 20. 1954 4 Sheets-sheaf 4 lll lhllllllllxlullllll l.|l.|

.llllll lllloll United States Patent \2,90 7,4s7 I ATLWILL END-OF-LINE 10R COMPLETE JUSTIFYINGTYPEWRITER Pierre 'Lglise, Paris, France ApplicationJuly 20, 1954, Serial No. 444,415

19 Claims. :(Cl. 197-34 The present invention is directed to typewriters, more particularly to those in which justification of the lines is provided for. l

' In end-of-line justifying typewriters comprising a single normal terminal segment and operating by contractions and expansions of theftyping on the length of this seg-.

ment only, with a ratio which is adjustable but constant for a given line, a single justification setting scale, i.e. the scale relative to the number of excess' or lacking characters in the line to be justified (hereinafter called for short setting scale), suifices for all justification widths. On, the other hand, justifying typewriters that contract or' expand the typing in a similar manner but for the whole length of the line (hereinafter called complete justifying typewriters) require as many setting scales as there are justification widths.

Applicantzs applicationSerial No. 297,939 filed July 9, 1952 under 'the :title: End-of-Line Justifying Typewriter, now Patent No. 2,705,554, describes various end-ofdine justifying typewriters utilizing several normal terminal segments. and an equal number of setting scales.

In these typewriters, as well as in those mentioned above with a single normal terminal segment, the .dis-. tance between the actuating stop for the justifying lever and the :position. occupied by the pivot ofthe justifying lever at :the beginning of justification (a distance hereinafter called initial length of the justifying lever) re: mained constant. x l

The present invention has, as one of its objects, to provide a justifying typewriter having a justifying lever and actuating stop operating by expansions and constructions of the typing according to a ratio that is adjustable but constant for a given line, provided with a substantial number of normalterminal segments formed in groups around certain of them called basic segments, one-setting scale per basic segment and means for setting the initial length of the justifying lever according to the normal terminal segment used. This machine may be" employed optionally as an end-of-line justifying typewriter with any of its normal terminal segments, for all justification widths from the length of the normal 'terminal segment being used up to the platen length er as .a completejustifyingtypewriter; -first,-in the main field of rjustification widths ranging from the length of its shortest normalterminal segment up to that of its longest normal terminal segment; and second, in two complementary fields enclosing the main field, one ranging from the length of the shortest normal terminal segment down to about half this length, the otherranging from the length of the longest normal terminal segment up to the platen length. This machine has four important features which are listed as a to (2 below, which are such that the justifications, although mathematically inaccurate in most cases, remain nevertheless apparently correct; said features being as follows:

(a) A normal terminal segment of a given number n of normal character spacings being adopted as the basic segment for a group, together with an initial length 1 of 2 the justifying lever and a setting scale corresponding to this basic segment, the initial lengths 1' of the justifying lever to be used in conjunction with justifications over the lengths of the various normal terminal segments of n" normal character spacings of this group, effected with the setting scale corresponding' to the basic segment, are determined by the condition that the justifying lever assume the same inclination, called reference inclination of "the group, at the instant of printing the (n'+z)thand last character of lines constituting a like 1 case of justification with respect to the complete justification of each of these lines over the corresponding normal terminal arising from the fact that itslines are systematically justified with the setting scale of the group, corresponding to the basic segment of it normal character spacings of the group, whereas they should 'be justified with a scale strictly corresponding to the normal terminal segment of n normal character spacings defining the column width, and the maximum sinuosity in any column being, by definition, the difference in length between the lineswhich are respectively the shortest and the longest after justification; l

(c) The most pronounced of the maximum sinuosities in the diflerent columns justified over the lengths of the normal terminal segments of a group is always less than a given fraction e of normal character spacing which is practically undiscernible-to the eye; and

(d) The numbers of normal character spacings in the successive normal terminal segments form preferably an uninterrupted series of whole numbers.

Another object of the invention is the provision of a machine of this nature in which the parts of the various setting scales playing a similar role, parts called for purposes of simplification: parts of likesign' of the scales i.e. on theone hand, parts of the setting scales used in connection with expanded typings, and, on the other hand, ,parts of the scales used in connection w-i-th con tracted typings-may have approximately the same length from scale to scale, so that the justification setting device may fit a 'jus'tifier body of the same overall dimensions as in purely end-of-line justifying typewriters with a single normal terminal segment.

The invention'also includes arrangements and component parts required forits' putting into practice, such as a slider called acontact slider, to support the actuati normalterm'inal segments in the machine, the grouping of these positions and their identification in correspondence with the setting scales, as well as designs for actuating stops, setting scales and justifying levers.

The invention also bears on methods allowing the normal justification play of the machine tobe doubled 'in complete justifications as well as:in end-of-linejjustifications.

A further object of the invention aims at applying the above characteristics a to d to certain known purely complete justifying machines working'by expansions and contractions of the typing at a ratio which is adjustable although remaining constant throughout a given line and which, in the present state of 'the art, provide but a ited number of justification widths differing one from 1 another by a number of character spacings in order to al-' low these machines to carry out justifications of the same nature over a considerably greater number of consecutive justification widths; this with a reduced number of setting scales, and consecutive justification widths increasing by increments of one character spacing.

The invention is described below, as an example, in its application to a justifying typewriter with a carriage sliding in relation to the rack and a justifying lever pivoted on an element of the justifier integral with the rack, with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. l is a diagram which represents certain elements of the working drawings of the justification setting for a group of normal terminal segments;

Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show groups of curves of justification'errors; v

Fig.4 shows in a plan view an embodiment of setting scales formed in plates and made according to the present invention;

Fig. 5 is a cross-section along the line VV of Fig. 4;

Fig. 6 represents in plan view a modified form of the embodiment of Fig. 4; a Fig. 7 is an-end view of the embodiment of Fig. 6;

Fig. 8 shows in plan view a further modification including a cylinder wherein the setting scales are formed by helicoidal grooves; i I

Fig. 9 represents diagrammatically the development of the cylinder of Fig. 8;

Fig. 10 represents in plan view a modified construction of setting scales formed on a square plate;

Fig. 11 is a cross-section along the line XIXI of Fig. 10; I

Fig. 12 represents somewhat diagrammatically in plan view the structures of the justifying lever and of the slider carrying the actuating stop for the said lever or contact slider, in certain previous end-of-line justifying typewriters;

Fig. 13 represents in plan view a modification of detail of these structures for the requirements of the present invention;

' spacings, that is to say, over a column width of n nortions; this stop, called actuating stop of the justifying Fig. 14 represents in plan view construction forms for The mathematical process applied in the design of typewriters according to the invention involves the solution of five problems, the first of which is as follows in complete justification:

When the setting scale appropriate for justifications over thelength of a normal terminal segment of it normal character spacings is used for justifying over the length ofa different number n of normal character spacings, what are the errors of justification? The expression justification errors should be understood as meaning the difference. in length of the lines so justified with the inadequate scale used, in comparison with the justification width n required.

For a given normal terminal segment, the justification errors are the same for end-of-line justifications carried out by the means of this segment as in the complete justifications effected over the entire length of this segment. This is why it issufiicient in the following problems to consider only the latter justifications. The expression normal'terminal segment then has the same meaning as justification widt or column width.

Fig.1 shows in the centre certain elements of the setting working drawing for complete justifications effected over a normal terminal segment of n normal character lever, is carried by a contact slider (not shown) longitudinally adjustable along a rail of the frame parallel to Ox. The direction of line OK, which for instance makes an angle of 60 with Ox, represents the inclination of lever L at rest. The distance 0K=l (this is letter 1 different from numeral "1 appearing later) constitutes what it has been proposed to call the initial length of the justifying lever. According to the invention, this length will be adjustable by setting the stop K along line OK.

A second element of the justifier, secured to'the carriage, has a slot (not shown) which coinoides'with'the lever L when the latter isat rest. In this slot may move a linking pin A engaged with the lever L. The distance 0A being set in terms of the number of excess or lacking characters in the line to be justified, the pin A is locked in the slot, and therefore with respect to the carriage. From then onwards, the linking pin A can only describe parallels to Ox. Briefly, from the point of view of longitudinal displacements during the justifications, point 0 represents the rack and point A the carriage.

The setting scale for complete justifications over a normal terminal segment of n normal character spacings is obtained by drawing through point B, the abscissa of which is n-1 normal character spacings, a line Q parallel to OK. The intersections of Q with the straight lines originating in K, each representing the position occupied by the lever L at the moment when the last character of a line of n+a characters is being'printed; a varying for instance from -4 to +4, provide the locations of the notches on the setting scale. For example, the point D, which is the intersection of Q with the straight line KC representing the lever L at the instant when the (n+ z)th character of a line of n+2 characters is being printed, z being a particular value of a, corresponds to the setting for the justification of such a line over the length of it normal character spacings.

The point D, horizontally projected to A on OK, gives the z notch of the setting scale. In the similar triangles BCD and OCK,

For complete justifications over a normal terminal segment of n normal characterspacings (left part of the figure), it is agreed that, when the last character of a line of n+z characters is being printed, that is to say, in the same justification case of order z as before, the lever L must assume the same inclination as in KC above, this inclination being known as reference inclination of order z". The concept of a reference inclination of order z is, as will be seen, equivalent to that of setting scales comprising two common notches, the zero notch and the z notch.

The new initial length l' to be givento the justifying lever L is determined by drawing through the pointC',

the abscissa of whichis n'l+z normal character spacings, a line parallel to CK that intersects OK at K; OK l, The similar triangles OCK and OCK give: V

over 11 normal character spacings. of the linking pin A at M would have correctly dis- Q5" being the'parall'elto-OK passing through point B, the abscissa of which is n' -l normal characterspacings, it is clear that the setting *OA=BD =BD' corresponds to the 2 case of *justificat'ion both 'for the normal terminal segment of it normal charactermpacin'gs and for that of n normal character spacings; in other words, the z notch is actually common to f the setting scales respectively drawn .on Q and Q,, which are then horizontally projected on OK. 7

Asa general rule, the settings for complete justifications eflected over a normal terminal segment of n normal character spacings (or, what amounts to the same thing, the settings for end-of-line justifica-tions carried out by means'of such a segment) are given by the formulas i M* n-1+a and the settings for complete justifications effected over a normal terminal segment of 11' normal character spacings (or, what still comes to the same thing, the settings a for end-of-linejustifications carried out by means of such a segm'eritfare given by the similar formula:

. I- r lq 0M --BF with 'n 1 +z y n1+z 2 being the order of the notch common to both setting scales. i

.In the case of the figure, i.e. for the value given to a with respect to z (reference inclination ofz order shown in heavy lines), the notch M is farther from 0 than the notch M. Let us assume then that instead of using, as one should, notch M to justify over'n' normal character spacings a line of ri.|-a.-eharacters, one uses the M notch, corresponding to the same case of justification "+a', but for a line of n+a characters to be justified Whereas the setting I I X Y Zn-1+1; m.1+z1 where it isclearly apparent that the erroris cancelled for -a=0 and a=z.. i

The introduction of numerical values into this formula will make it possible to establish a first family of curves.

Table I for instance is obtained with #1 31 and n'=-34 normal character spacings. i

Fig. 2 represents this table in of normal character spacings. For greater clarity and simplification, the table and the figure only refer to a limited number of 2 values.

Table I [Values of the justification error X'Y in terms of normal character spacing, for n=31and n =34 normal'character spacings] moocaotaco expanded. It is a question of selecting the 1 value .which.

will result in the smallest possible diilerence in length between the longest and shortest lines (maximum sinuosity) of the column .justified over 34 normal character spacings.

Each curve of Fig. 2 comprises a' low or bottom point the held of use, and anuppermost point at either limit of this field. The low point represents the geometrical minimum of the curve, but not 'the minimum error, which is of course zero for all the curves. The two high points cannot properly be called maximums according to the geometrical meaning of the word,- but the higher :point represents thevmaximum error for the curve under consideration. With these shades of. meaning 'inmind, the vertical distance between the lowest point and the highest point :ofa curve represents the maximum sinuosity for the value of z to whichthis cur've corresponds.

For instance, on the curve z: 4, the ordinateof the lowest .point, which corresponds to a=+.2, is 100. This means that the shortest lines after justification, i.e. those of 34+a=36 contracted character spacings, will be short by 0.0100 of a. normal characterspacing. The ordinate of the highest point, which corresponds to a=-4, is 998. This means that the longest lines after justification, i.e. those of 34+a=30 expanded character spacings, will be too long by 0.0998 of a normal character spacing. The right-hand margin may therefore fluctuate to the fe'xtent of:

0.'0l-000+0.1.098 of a normal character spacing.

Curve z=-l reveals itself as the :most: promising of the family. :Its geometrical minimum, which occurs at a value "of a between 0 and l., is not to be taken into consideration, because a values. cannot be fractional; so that the actual lowest point of the curve is zero, as in the case of curve z=0.. The vertical distance between this point and the highest point is 552 for.a=+4), as against 559 (for a=4) on the curve z='0. The selection of the reference inclination of order -1, i.e. corresponding to z=-1, is therefore appropriate for normal terminal segments of 31 and 34 normal character spacings. The advantage of such a reference inclination over the reference inclination of order zero is nevertheless very slight. It should, moreover, be noted, that for those curves of Fig. 2 Where the justification errorsare of like sign for all values of a, the maximum sinuosity of the right hand edge of the column justified over 34 normal character spacings is in fact the maximum justiiication error. This is the case of curves 2:0 and z=-1, the small negative fraction of the latter being left out of account for the reasons already given.

The right-hand part of Fig. 1 concerns complete justifications over a normal terminal segment of a number of normal character spacings n" n.OB"=n1 normal character spacings. The initial length l to be given to the justifying lever is obtained by drawing through. point C, whereof the abscissa is n1+z normal. character spacings, a line parallel to the reference inclination CK, which intersects OK at K; 0K"=l". The similar triangles OCK and OC"K give n-l+z Pursuingthe development along the same lines as above, but with symbols instead of cation error finally obtained is:

'a a'z- 1i"*n 2),

:7 Table 11 is obtained with n =31 and n' =28 normal character spacings and Fig. 3' reproduces this table in 000 f,i1Ormal character spacing.

Table II [Values of the justification error XY in terms of normal character v spacing, for n=31 and 'n =28 normal character spacings] :Each curve of the'family has now a geometrical maximumwithin .the field of use and .a-lowest point at either limit of this field. It is not necessary to proceed beyond z=T.1: '-the.-.two low points of eachacurverreverse their relative positions from z=.rl' onwards, and this inversion can onlyincrease for subsequent values of z. wThe curve z=l is confirmed as the most advantageous. Its geometrical maximum has no more importance from-the point of view of the justification errors than had its geometrical minimum in Fig. 2. The distance from its lowest point to point zero which constitutes the actualvhighpoint .of the curve is 679 (for a=+4), as against. 684-.(for a=-4) on the curve z=0. The selection of a reference inclination of order -1 is thus still appropriate for the normal terminal segments of 31 and 28. normal character spacings.

.The families of curves in Figs. 2 and 3 correspond to particular values of n and n (34 and 28 respectively) for a given n comprised between these values. The distortions of the curves as n and n" draw nearer to n should now be. examined.

To a pair of given values of a and 2: corresponds a given point ona given curve of the family in Fig. 2.- Leavingaand z constant in Formulal, as n" draws nearer ton, one obtains the successive ordinates of the pointin question in the various families of curves that would correspond to the successive decreasing values 0 it. These. ordinates vary as Y i.e. they decrease in a manner appreciably proportional to n msince, z isi always small in regard to n. It follows that the curves of Fig. 2 flatten progressively until confounded with the axis of the abscissae for n'=n. The same occurs withthe family of curves in Fig. 3, Where the successive ordinates of a given point of a given curve (said point corresponding to a and 2 remaining constant in Formula 2), vary as i.e. tend towards zero for successive increasing values of n" up to n. I

' It is therefore clear that whatever z and a, i.e. the 2 case of justification determining the reference inclination, and the justification setting, the justification errors decrease as n and n" draw nearer to n.

Justification errors have been discussed so far in the field of normal terminal segments of about thirty character spacings-p Similar calculations are required, for a different field, for instance that of fifty character spacings. It is not certain indeed that the reference inclination of order 1 which has just shown itself. to be the most appropriate 8 for the first of these'fields will also be for the s'econd. v I v Q Table III correspondsto n=50 and n'= 55 normal character spacings; it is similar to Table I, but'it isconfined to-its strictly useful portion. a

Table 1H the most suitable Values of the justificatlon error X'Y in terms of normal character spacing, for n=50 and n=55 normal character spacings] :1

It serves no useful purposeto go beyond z= l-.for,the reasons already stated. The sign of .the justification er rors remains constant in the columns under z=0.and The maximum sinuosity of the right-hand edge of a column justified over 55 normal character spacings, in one case with a reference inclination corresponding to z=l and in another case with a reference inclination corresponding to z=0, is therefore equal to the maximum justification error in each of these cases, that is: 0.0356 of a normal character spacing for =-1 and 0.0328 of a normal character spacing for z=0. The-value z;0 is thus better here than z=1.

Table IV'corresponds to 11:50 and n=45normal character spacings; it is similar to Table II, but it is limited to its strictly useful portion. I

I Table IV a=-4 .l '.Q +4.

The maximum' sinuosityin a column justified over 45 normal character spacings is again smaller with 1:0 than with z=-l.

Briefly, in the field of normal terminal segments of about thirty character spacings, the justification errors are very slightly greater with 2:0 than with z= l; but they become less in the field'of normal terminal segments of about fifty character spacings.

The second problem is as follows:

' It is proposedto constitute around a normal terminal segment of it normal character spacings, adopted as basic segment, a group of normal terminal segments ranging from'n" to it normal character spacings, such that the errors, made when justifying over any one of them with the setting scale which is only reallyaccurate for justifications over the basic segment, remain less than a given fraction 2 of normal character spacing. What are the maximum values that may be given to n" and n? The mathematical process will be developed, as an example, for a first group of normal terminal segments to be formed around a basic segment of 31 normal character spacings. The value retained'for e must obviously be such that the sinuosity of the right-hand edge of the various justified columns is imperceptible to the keenest eye. The following calculations are carried out with e A ofnormal character spacing, a value'that is negligible in justification. l t t For the group under consideration, the best reference inclination is obtained with z=.1, and it has been previously pointed out that for this value of z (as well as for.

aeoemsa the maximum sinuosity ofitherilght-hand edge of any justified column becomes identical with the justification error in that column.

In the field of normal terminal segments of a number of normal character spacings n" n, Formula 1, giving the justification errors; becomes with z=+ 1':

For vz=-1, the justification errors in this field always occur when a=+4 (Table I). With a: +4 in. Formula 3, one mustobtain The maximum justification'errors in this field again always occurfor a= +4 when z=- l (Table II). With a=+4 in Formula 4, and expressing that the absolute value of the maximum justification error is less than the limit is selected, i;e.

one obtains with 11:31 normal character spacings and e=$fi of normal character spacing as above, n" 29.l

normal character spacings.

The first group of normal terminal segments will thus comprise the segments ranging from n-"=30 up to and including n'=33 normal character spacings. complete or end-of-line justifications will systematically use the setting scale which would only strictly apply to justifications over or with the basic segment of 31 normal character spacings. They will, therefore, be only approximate, but justification errors therein will not in any case exceed of normal character spacing.

The third problem is to constitute groupsas widely extended as possible of normal terminal segments having the, same properties as the above group in respect to the accepted justification tolerances, and which are moreover successively adjacent, so that the complete justification widths available on the machine, expressed in numbers of normal character spacings, form an uninterruptedseries of Whole numbers. p A

The method to be applied will again be developed on the basis of a practicalexample, i.e. the extension of the above first group. The maximum sinuosity of the right-hand edge of a column justified over the length of a normal terminal segment belonging to any of the further groups to be constituted will again identify itself with the maximum error characterizing the justifications over this length, since with. z=0 as with z==--1, the justification errors retain the same sign for any given normal terminal segment. The calculations, which are similar in nature to those of the second problem, are carried out step by step.

The shortest normal terminal segment n" of the 2nd group must necessarily comprise 34 normal character spacings because thelongest normal terminal segment of the first group, as calculated. above, comprises 33 normal character spacings. Thebasic segment of this group is given by the Formula 4, where 2 has already been In this group,

g n made equal to -1, and where a is, moreover, made equal to 4, as before:

. l 20 n" -n 7 Maximum errors- Setting down that, for n"' -"34 .ings, the absolute value of the correspondingmaximum error is less than $4 of normal character spacing, iie.

12:36 normal character spacings The longest acceptable normal terminal segment. n in the group is determined by Formula3, which with.a =+4. becomes.

n=-38 normal character spacings The 2nd group will therefore comprise the normal ter-- minal segments ranging, from 3.4'up to and including 38. normal character spacings, the basic segment being that 1 with 36 normal character spacings;

The determination of the iurther groups. proceeds step by step in similar manner. From the 3rdgroup onwards,..however, itis better to take z=0. Formulae 4 and 3: are then replaced by The first formula makesit possible, as already shown, to determine the basic segment 11 of a group to be constituted, starting from the shortest normal terminal segment n" of this group, the latter segment being known since it must exceed byone normal character spacing the longest normal terminal segment of the preceding 16 nn n-5 n1 normal character spac (instead of 1 (with z=1, the group would not go beyond 45 nor,-

rnal character spacings): 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, and 46 normal character spacings, and the 4th group emerges as follows around a basic segment of 52 normal character spacings: 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53,54, 55, 56, 57 and 58 normal character spacings.

Other groups could be formed but the possibility of spreading the expansions and contractions of the typing over the 58 last characters (on an average) of each line, in columns of width greaterthan 58 normal character spacings, already'takes care 'ofpractical requirements, and, on the other hand, it does not seem necessary to carry any further numerical calculations which are only given as an example.

The fourth problem concerns the determination of the initial lengths of justifying lever to be used with the various normal terminal segments. The initial lever lengths 1 corresponding to the .various'rbasic segments are first selected, and the consequent initial lever lengths for justifications with or over the normal terminal segments of each group have then to be calculated.

Any initial length of the justifying lever must be such that the recall of the lever to its rest position is sufficiently positioned after the maximum rotation the lever is likely to perform. Whatever may be the normal terminal segmentused in a group (segment of n", n or n' normal character spacings), the corresponding maximum rotation of the lever is that which it has eifected after the printing in complete justification of the last character of the longest line justifiable' over 'the length of the normal terminal segment considered (rotations R, R and R, Fig.- 1). In practice, the corresponding positions K".T", KI and KJ of the lever differ very little one from another, the schematic intervals shown between the three parts of the figure being intentionally much exaggerated. Indeed, failing some degreee of exaggeration, the justification errors X'Y' and XY" could not be adequately brought out.

The maximum rotations of type R are slightly less' ample than the maximum rotation R corresponding to the use of the basic segment, so that if the lever may be recalled from the final inclination K], it will still more readily be recalled from final inclinations of type K'J'. 'Itis the reverse for rotations of type R". However, excess rotations R"R are very slight and, as the recalling device of the lever always has some reserve of power, the increase of friction in the justifier which may result from such slight excesses is easily overcome. It therefore sufiices, in each group, to consider the maximum rotation of type R tion KI.

With this in mind, two conceptions'may govern the distribution of maximum type R rotations, and consequently that of the initial lever lengths l. f

According to the first conception, these rotations are of the same order of, magnitude for all basic segments: as an example, the lengths I will be established on the assumption that the rotations R are all identical.

The rest inclination KOx of the lever is usually selected in order that, whatever the justification setting, the reaction of the machine at the beginning of justifications is not appreciably different from its normal response. Experience has shown that a rest angle of some 60 degrees is suitable for this purpose. It is on the other hand intuitive not to appreciably exceed asymmetrical value for the most pronounced of the final inclinations ,of type K]. If therefore KOx= 60, in order that KJO=60 for all basic segments, as is implied by the particular case of the conception under consideration, it is necessary that which ends at the final incline:-

l=n -|-4. Thisgives, with the four basic segments calculated above:

l =35 normal character spacings l =40 normal character spacings l =46 normal character spacings l =56 normal character spacings It is clear that this particular law between I and n is in no way indispensable to the putting into practice of the invention in accordance with this first conception. With a vigorous system for the recall of the justifying lever L and a justifier with slight friction, it may be agreed that the lever L takes an inclination symmetrical to its rest position, for instance at the time when the last character of a basic segment is being printed (in this case, the corresponding length I would be only n-l normal characterspacings); it is also possible to slightly reduce the angle to the horizontal made by the restinclination of the lever. With arrangements such" as l=nid above, where d is small with respect to rt, the

setting positions of the stop K along the obliqueline OK cannot readily intermingle with each other; moreover, the parts of the like sign of the setting scales are of sub stantially equal length. ,4

According to the second conception, the maximum rotations of type R may 'be very' different. An initial lever length 1 suitable for justifications over the basic segment of the last'group is then first selected (such a length will result, for instance, from the maximum value allowable for the corresponding rotation R, bearing in mind the necessity for a ready-recall of the lever after such a rotation), and this length will constitutethe approximate,

upper limit of the initial lever lengths to be used for justifications over the other basic segments.

One may agree, for instance, that I I and will all three be equal to I i.e. 56 normal character spacings if the rule l=n+4 ensures a satisfactory recall of the l =56 normal character spacings (for instance),

I may be given any value between 35 and 56 normal' character spacings,

1 may be given any value between 40' and 56 normal character spacings,

1 may be given any value between 46 and 56 normalcharacter spacings To sum up, there is a wide latitude for the determination of the initial lengths l, the only restriction being that the recall of the justifying lever remain positive enough after the maximum rotation of type R which is the greatest'for-all the groups. v I

The initial lever lengths l having'been selected for the various basic segments of it normal character spacings, the initial lever lengths l" (or I) which result for the justifications over the normal terminal segments, of a' given group, according to thenumbers of normal "char acter spacing n (or n") of these segments are given by the formula already mentioned where l' and u" may also be substituted for l-and n.

In a machine, for instance, applying the rule l'=n+-4 (a particular case of the first conception) and comprising the four groups of normal terminal segments established above; the initial Table V. J

Totakeanother example, one may also agreethat if- Table V Number 11 (or n) of normal character Initiallength spacings of the Z (or Z of the Increment normal terminal justifying lever (in normal segment in use (in normal character (number n of the character spacings) basic segment spacings) underlined) .30 33. 79 1st Group: 31 (131) .35

. 0. 233 34 37.65 2d Group: 35 38. 82 t 1t=36 36 (139) 40 z=1 p p 1.176

0.281 39 .42. 63 HrdGroup n= 42 (In) 46 z= 1, 122

. 47 50. 51 4th Group It should be noted that, while the reference inclina- I tion is by definition the same within a group (heavy lines of Fig. 1), it normally differs from group to group, even if the z value which determines this inclination is constant from one group to another. There is no special difficulty, however, in designing machines wherein the reference inclination is identical for every group, and therefore identical for every normal terminal segment.

The difference between two consecutive initial lengths of the justifyinglever within a group of normal terminal segments, i.e. the increment of the arithmetical progression formed by the initial lever lengths within this group, is given by theformula Whatever the increment may be, one may agree that the selected value will initial lever lengths.

This means that, with 1:0 for instance, the justifying lever assumes the reference inclination at the very moment when the last character of any normal terminal segment is being printed, i.e. in the case of a normal terminal segment of 43 normal character spacings for instance, when the 43rd character is being printed. It means also that, when justifying lines of 43+l to 43-14 characters over such a normal tenninalsegment, the justifying lever will assume the reference inclination at the very moment when the 43rd character of any of these lines is being printed. For lines comprising between 43 4 and 43-1 characters, the lever will only take the reference inclination immediately after the printing of the last character of. the last of these lines. 1

, With.z=1, a constant increment throughout the rangeof initial lever lengths would :mean that the justiapply throughout the range of 14 tying lever would assume the reference inclination at the moment'when the Iastbi1t #one character of any normal terminal segment is being printed, i-e. the'same case as above-of a normal terminal segment iof 43 normal character spacings, when the 42nd character of segment is being printed. It would means also that, when justifying lines of 44 to 47 characters over such a normal terminal segment, thejustifying lever would-take the reference inclination at the time when'the 42nd character of any of'these lines is being printed. For lines com.- prising between 39 and 42. characters, the justifying lever would only reach its reference inclination when printing the 42nd and last character of the last of these lines.

To give a specific example, a machine wherein (a) the reference inclination would correspond to .z .0 and be the same for all theqgroups of normal-terminal segments, (b) the shortest basic segment would comprisen 31 normal character spacings and (c) the initial lever length to' be used for justifications over/or with this segment would be l =nz+4, the initial lengths of the justifying lever would form the arithmetical progression given below, whereof the increment is 1.16666 normal character spacings:

l =33.833 normal character spacings also comprising the .four groups of normal terminal seg ments established above, but in line with the second conception, l31 l l42=l52 52+4 normal character spacings.

Number 77/ (or n) of normal character Initial length spacings of the t l (or Z) of the Increment normal terminal justifying lever (in. normal segment in use (in normal character (number not the character spacings) basic segment spacings) underlined) 30 54. 07 1st Group: 31 a!) 56 5 n=31 1. 931

34 52. 70 2nd Group: 35 '54. 35

39 51. 90 3rd Group 7L= 42 (142) 56 2 =0 1.366 "at "5115 4th Group: (As in Table V) 1. 098

The fifth and last problem concerns thejcalcu lation .of the setting scales. t

In each group, the distances of the notches of the n is the number of normal character spacings of the 70. basic segment of the group,

l is the corresponding initial length of the justifying lever, and

a is the order number and sign (plusor minus) of the notch.

7 5 Whenthe initial lengths l are entirely arbitrary with respect;to numbers n, the lengths of the parts of like sign of.the,-various setting scales may be verydiiferent. On the other hand, when the lengths 1 are a function of n; of the form l=n-- d, d being small in comparison to n, the lengths of the said parts of like, sign of the scales approach the same order of magnitude. For instance, with l=n-]-4, the distances of the various j+4 to 4 notches of the setting scales to the zero of each setting scaleare actually those shown in Table .VII for the machine herein in process of design as an example. For n=36 and n=42, the table gives one distance in two.

' Table VI] [Distances of the setting notches from the zero of each setting scalgexpressed in numbers of normal character spacings] Scale of Scale of Scale of Scale of .Order of notch 1st Group 2nd Group 3rd Group 4th Group v (n=31) (!L=36) (n=42)' ('/L=52) The lengths of parts of scales concerning contracted typings only differ, as may be seen, by a few hundredths of normalcharacter spacing (the maximum difference being 4-.1l8 4.073=0.045 normal character spacing); and the lengths of the parts of expanded .typings only differ by some tenths of a normal character spacing (maximum difference, 5.385 4.766=0.6l9 normal character spacing). This means that the various setting scales fit a justifyier body of the same overall size as in a purely end-of-line justifying typewriter which would only have the shortest of; the above basic segments for normal terminal segment.

The design method for at-will complete or end-of-line justifying typewriters which has just been developed in the light of a practical case makes it possible to calculate the characteristics of any required machine of this type: (a) number of groups of normal terminal segments and range of each of these groups, (b) initial length of the justifying lever to be used with each normal terminal segment, (0) cutting of the setting scales, in terms of pre-established characteristics such as: the width of the character being .used, the maximum sinuosity accepted for the justified colums, the distribution of justification play above and below the zero on the setting scales, the working range for complete justifications, the rest inclination of the justifying lever, the maximum rotation of the lever consistent with the strength of the recall system, etc.

II. STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS ing setting scale.

'In' addition they may also, of course, separately or jointly, embody the devices described in the inventors former applications for patents for the blank typing of terminal segments on the whole keyboard, through the agency of a no-impression device; the warning of the beginning oftyping expansions and contractions by the ringing of a bell; the justification setting according to colors, by observing colors instead of numbered granduations on the space scale; the combined recall of the rack towards the left and of the justifying lever towards its rest position by means of a common recalling system; the possibility of locking the justifier when using the machine-as an ordinary typewriter, and finally, the folding back or removal of the end of the justifying lever.

The above means 1, 2 and 3 will now be illustrated with the help of examples of construction. To proceed on afirm basis, it will be assumed that these means are being applied to a justifier with a lever, the general structure of which issimilar to that of the justifier of this type described in the application for patent Serial No. 326,999, filed December 19, 1952 under the title: Combined Recall for End-of-Line Justifying Typewriters,

now Patent No. 2,727,615. (l) The above mentioned application, ,Serial .No; 297,939 describes certain forms of construction of setting scales which maybe substituted one for the other; these various embodiments may of course be applied to the machines fitted with the invention. According to the same principle, for a machine of four groups of normal;v terminal segments, for instance, it is also possible to use the arrangement shown in Figs. 4 and 5.

Two of the setting scales required, for example that of the first group (normal terminal segments of 30 to 33 normal character spacings) and that of the 2nd group (34 to 38), are cut on the opposite longitudinal edges of a small plate or bar P the means of -identification of the first scale being on one faceof the plate, and those of the second scale being on the other face. Similarly,- the second plate P carries the setting scales for the 3rd and tth groups.

By means of identification of a scale should be understood, on the'one hand, the identification marks of its notches (completeor limited graduation of the latter, 2 and +2 forinstance, and labels of various shapes and colors, suchas p, corresponding to the colored marks of the space scale) and, on the other hand, any means dealt with below in (3) whereby each setting scalefinay be associated with a group of K stop positions, or, which amounts to the same thing, with-a given group of normal terminal segments. In Fig: '4, for instance, the visible face of the plate P corresponding to the first group of' normal terminal segments, is identified by the Roman numeral I. 1

The letter designates the slot of the justifier plate? in the plane of symmetrylof which is the direction OK of Fig. 1. The'plates P and P which may be exactly, superimposed and are of equal thickness, bear on the justifier plate P by means of a detachable cradle b. This cradle is intended ,to facilitate the removalof the plates. For this purpose, the ends b are appropriately raised over the plate P so that they may be readily grippedbetween two fingers. The piling of the plates P P and their cradle 12 is arranged parallel to one of the edges of the slot 1 by means of twostuds, such as t, of the justifier plate P which engage into ad hoc holes in the three parts. The assembly is locked on the justifier plate P, for instance, by a plate-spring u which is able to swivel about its holding screw it. The piling of the plates P and P provides the plate notin use with a convenient waiting position. Of course, the locking finger of the justification setting slider, which moves in slot 1 and is not shown, is mounted in such a manner that it can only engage with the notches of the top plate facing it.. With three plates instead of two, it is possible to deal with machines of five or six groupsof'normal terminalsegments.

According to an alternative design (Figs. 6 and 7), in a machine with four groups of normal terminal segments, the plates P and P are joinedtogether after their scales are cut, was to form an inseparable block, The identififittion marks of the scales then appear on the i7 reverse of this block for two of them, and on its face for the other two. It is preferable that the ends of the block should have protruding edges such as b, so that the block is easier to grip. i

The systems just described, with justification setting plates piled one upon another, and, more generally, with plates which may be substituted one with another as described in the patent application Serial No. 497,939, mentioned above, as well as the square prism included in the same application, may be used whatever the respective lengths of the parts of likesign of the various setting scales, i.e. going back from cause to cause, whatever may be the distribution of initial lengths lof the justifying lever, and, finally, the conception ruling the distribution of type R maximum rotations (fourth problem).

When the rotations R are of the same order of magnitude for all the basic segments (first conception), the

variation law of l in terms of the number of normal character spacings in the basic segments, l=f(n), differs little from a linear law. It hasbeen shown, in particular, that when these rotations are equal, the law in question is linear and, for construction reasons, of the form l=n:d, d being small in comparison to n. As the parts of like sign of the scales are then of almost equal length, the scales may be formed by more or less helicoidal grooves milled on a cylinder W (Fig. 8) and presenting a very small slope at every point. This cylinder, arranged parallel to one edge of the slot 1 of the justifier plate P, may rotate around a spindle w bearing on brackets such as w. A spring i, coacting with notches such as i' cut at one end of the cylinder, m-akesit possible to lock the latter in any angular setting required.

Fig. 9 shows diagrammatically the development of such a cylinder W the grooves of which are cut according to the values in Table VII, where incidentally, a law l=f(n) of the form l=nid, with d=4, happens to be followed. Each groove is merely represented by its centre line.

The abscissae are in proportion to the number of nor-.

mal character spacings in the normal terminal segments (30 to 58 in the example under consideration): this proportion is not however essential. The values in the table under n=3l are plotted along the generatrix 31, on either side of the axis corresponding to the zero of all the scales (only the groove 0 is exactly circular). Values under 11:36 are similarly plotted along the generatrix 36, etc.

Since the slopes of the various grooves are always very slight, the locking finger of the justification setting slider (not shown) engages in the grooves as readily and with as much accuracy and efficiency as in the notches of a plate edge. The case would be quite altered with more pronounced slopes, which would unavoidably result from important diiferences of type R maximum rotations (second conception), these differences entailing a law l=f(n) very different from Z=nid, and consequently important differences between the lengths of parts of like sign of the scales. The locking finger may engage in the grooves of cylinder W laterally or vertically. It should be noted that, except for the central groove 0, the grooves do not make a complete turn around the cylinder.

The number of locking notches i of cylinder W is usually greater than that of the basic segments. This leads to fewer justification errors in a number of cases, because the typest can always lock the cylinder W on the graduation nearest to the number of normal character title: Color Setting of Justifying Typewriters, now.

Patent No. 2,712,375, obviously applies to setting systems having a cylinder W. In this connection, each cylinder groove may, for instance, be edged with one or two The use of a cylinder such as W to carry the setting scales. is not limited to the case wherein type R maximum rotations have about the same amplitude for all the basic segments. Whenv these rotations are very different or substantially different, it is better, however, not to form the scales by means of more or less helicoidal grooves,

because the pronounced slopes which would then result for those of the grooves farthest from the central groove would not ensure therein a reliable engagement of the locking finger of the justiiication setting slider. In this case, the setting scales may simply be cut, as series of ordinary notches, along generatrixes of the cylinder, the,

notches being perpendicular to the said generatrixes.

Dealing again with the case where the parts of like sign of the scales are of appreciably equal length, the scales may also be cut along the edges of a plate of regular polygonal shape. Figs. 10 and 11 show such an an rangement for a machine with four groups of normal terminal segments.

The square plate P is placed between two ledges such as p of the justifier plate P, and held against the latter by means of a cover V which hides all the scales except the one in use. To uncover the square plate P, the typist slides the cover V in relation to the studs such as t, by means of slots such as f. then opposite an opening 0' at the end of a slot 1', through which it may pass. By lifting the raised edge g of the cover V, the typist lifts it over the cap s and causes it to pivot around the other stud. The square plate P may then be raised by means of a small crank bar y loosely fitted on the screw'z and housed in a hollow h of the justifier plate P. A flat spring housed between the plates P and P may replace the crank-bar y for raising the plate P when it is uncovered.

(2) In previous end-of-line justifying typewriters (Fig:

12) of the inventor, the justifying lever L engages with its actuating stop K by means of a rectified flat surface G whereof the plane contains the axis of rotation O of the said lever. Moreover, the stop K consists of the edge of a dihedron fitted on the contact slider m which may be locked on a rail U of the frame parallel to the rack by means of one of its milled nuts 111. With such an arrangement, the oblique distance OK=Z, ie the length' of the lever arm of the justifying lever at. the beginning of justifications called, for simplification, as already mentioned, initial, length of the justifying lever, is an inrings, for instance, two character spacings before the.

justifying lever L engages with the actuating stop K, to

give warning that the typing contractions or expansions are aboutto begin.

As far as the setting working drawing is concerned,

the edge K may be replaced (Fig. 13) by a generatrix I of cylindrical pin E having K for axis and any radius r,

on condition that the flat surface G is brought back as far as r perpendicularly to OK (position G shown in dotted lines). This is the arrangement used in what follows.

In accordance with the design method set out, it should be possible to vary the initial length of the justifying lever. fitted with a plate or arm V, comprising as many positions for the pin E as there are normal terminal seg ments on the typewriter. The distribution of these positions. depends on the conception governing the distribution of type R maximum rotations, since the latter govas the space scale graduation to. which this groove corresponds. The groove 0, which is- The cap s of the stud t is To this end (Fig. 14), the contact slider m is i9 ems the distribution of the initial lengths of the justifying lever.

When the rotations R are of the same order of magnitude (first conception), the successive initial lever lengths increase with enough regularity for the overlapping of certain positions of pin E to be exceptional. For instance, with a reference inclination which is the same for all normal terminal segments-a particular case of the conception under consideration and which is indeed the ideal case from this point of view, the initial lever lengths form an arithmetical series; the setting positions of pin E are then rigorously equidistant. Again, for instance, with identical R rotations-another aspect of this same conception, the initial lever lengths form portions of arithmetical series of a given increment for each group of normal terminal segments (Table V); but these portions of arithmetical series do not match each other.

Thesetting positions of the pin E conveniently take the form of holes. As, in any case, with the conception under consideration, the increment, or increments, of the intervening arithmetical series are roughly speaking only of one character spacing, even in the most favorable case of a constant increment, the boring of the required holes along a single line OK could weaken the arm V when the holes have a relatively large diameter. Under these con ditions (Fig. -14), the holes may be staggered according to axes such as O K and O K one character spacing longitudinally distant from OK for instance. For the holes along O K the bell s will therefore ring three character spacings instead of two before the beginning of contractions and expansions, and for the holes along O K one character spacing only before said beginning.

Fig. 14 shows, as an example in regard to this conception, the distribution of setting positions of the pin E corresponding to Table V. The holes are numbered according to the number of normal character spacings of the normal terminal segment to which they correspond, and they are arranged in groups as will be explained below under (3). The hole 30 is 33.79 normal character spacings from hole 31 is 35 normal character spacings from 0 hole 32 is 36.21 normal character spacings from 0 etc. When, in spite of the staggering, two holes would be too close together, one of them maybe advanced or brought back with respect to the lines O K and O K This is the case, on the figure, of holes 38, 46 and 47. The earliness or lateness of the bell arising from such changes in position, as well as from the systematic changes of position O K O K with respect to OK are not significant, because the typist can always observe the moment of ringing on typing the first line of any-work to be justified at the first attempt.

The pin E, which is shown on a larger scale than the rest of the figure, has a split leg which inserts under pressure into the holes of the arm V, and a rest flange j. Pin E may be fitted with a freely rotating socket E, maintained by a pin g. In this case, it is of course the external radius r of the socket E which determines the setting back to G of the contact surface G (Fig. 13) of the justifying lever. The pin B may also be reduced to an ordinary cylindrical rod, without a rest flange and With or without a split leg. Fig. 14 shows. moreover an embodiment of justifying lever L which will be described a little further on.

When the rotations R are arbitrary with respect to each other (second conception), the arrangement of the settingpositions of pin E along the same line OK would resultin an unavoidable intermingling from group to group. To separate the groups in logical order with respect to OK, it will be observed that only first attempt justifications require the bell, and that, in principle, these justifications are preferably carried out with reasonably short normal terminal segments. Under these conditions,

it'is better that the first and second groups of positions .pin B, when said pin occupies the hole 4th.

2t? should be the two nearest to OK, for the ringing to be as regular as possible from one group of these positions to the other.

Fig. 15 shows, as an example under this conception, a distribution of setting positions of the pin E corresponding to Table VI. The initial lever lengths I I I and therein all are equal to 52-1-4 normal character spacings.

As the increments are important in the two first groups of initial lever lengths, the holes 30 to 33 may form a single line, one character spacing to the right of OK, for instance, and the holes 34 to 38 may constitute another line, one character spacing to the left of OK. On the other hand, the holes of the other groups are staggered for the reasons already given. If the bell rings one character spacing before the beginning of typing contractions and expansions for the positions 30 to 33 of the pin B, it will ring three character spacings before this beginning for the positions 34 to 38. The gradually increasing earliness of the ringing when the justifying lever is about to engage its actuating pin for the next positions of said pin is without significance; the justifications over normal terminal segments of 39 to 58 normal character spacings being effected in principle from a preparatory copy, the ringing no longer serves many useful purpose.

It is obviously possible to adopt other arrangements. The first and second groups of holes may form a single line if, for instance, Z is made equal to 56 normal character spacings as above (or even 57 or 5 8 normal characterspacings), and I is made equal to 45 to 50 normal character spacings, according to the value given to I the last two groups may be placed before the two first, etc.

It has been assumed in the foregoing paragraphs that the setting holes have a relatively large diameter. When the holes are small, it is clear that they may be all drilled along a single straight line OK without too much impairing of the strength of the arm V. If the reference inclination is the same for the various basic segments, all the holes will be equidistant. On the other hand, if type R maximum rotations are about the same for all the basic segments, the holes at the ends of the various groups could intermingle; in such a case, some of these holes may be bored outside the straight line OK.

In the above examples, the setting positions of pin E form straight lines. However, this is not essential. Fig. 18 shows, for instance, an arrangement wherein the holes, corresponding to initial lengths of the justifying lever forming an arithmetical progression, are drilled along an arc of a circle with centre Z The pin E, carried by a spring arm Z pivoted at Z on a bracket of the plate V oncontact slider m, ends in a small stud which the spring action of the arm Z forces into and maintains in the selectedhole, thus locking the pin in the position required.

The centres of the holes correspond to the horizontal projections, on the arc of circle, of equidistant graduations (30) to (58), supposed to mark along OK the successive initial lever lengths to I constituting the arithmetical series in question. The construction is shown, by way of example, for holes 53, 5 and 55, corresponding to the initiallengths I I and I of the justifying lever.

If it is agreed not to carry out end-of-line justifications at the first attempt with normal terminal segments exceeding for instance 40 normal character spacings, the bell (s, q, q) may be mounted so as to ring, for instance, at the moment the justifying lever engages the For positions of pin E below this hole, :the bell will be likely to ring a few character spacings before the lever comes into engagement with the pin.,

The required details having been set forth on the subject of'setting the initial length of the justifying lever,

let Us now turn back to the structure of the lever. On

Fig. 14, the end of the justifying lever L is constituted by a cylindrical rod T inserted under slight pressure into the main non-detachable part of the lever L. The mounting is such that that of the generatrixes G of the rod coming into contact with the socket E is set back to the extent of r with respect to the rest position of the lever, and perpendicularly thereto. If the pin E is inserted into the hole 58, for instance, the point y of G will come into contact with a point of the generatrix G of the socket B. As the generatrix G replaces the flat surface G in Fig. 13,the same reference has been purposely used in both cases.

A ring v controls the depth of insertion of the rod T, and a circular recess N. of appropriate depth may allow the rod to distort or break in the event of a violent accidental shock; such a rod is inexpensive and may be easily replaced. When the justifying typewriter is to be used for a long period as an ordinary machine, the operator may remove the contact slider m and withdraw the rod T. The typewriter is then practically reduced to the size of the ordinary machine from which it derives. Moreover, the justifier may be locked by means of the locking device provided for this purpose, as in previous purely end-of-line justifying typewriters of the inventor.

There are purely complete justifying typewriters with lever, working by expansions and/ or contractions of the typing at a ratio which is adjustable although remaining constant, however, throughout the length of a given line, which have only a few justification widths, because the provision of a number of setting scales equal to the high number of desirable justification widths is generally considered as too complicated. Until now, the constructor has therefore determined the number of scales, four to six for instance, which he could not easily exceed owing to fitting problems and handling possibilities, and has merely provided these machines with the same number of justification widths, differing from one to another by a substantial number of character spacings.

By means of a very simple modification, such ma chines may be provided with all the intermediary justification Widths, without it being necessary to increase the number of setting scales in the same proportion. To this end, in accordance with the theory developed above, justification widths are grouped on both sides of certain justification widths called basic widths, with only one setting scale per basic width, and the length of the arm of the justifying lever at the origin of justifications becomes adjustable in terms of the desired justification Width. According to the invention, justifications will only be tnuly accurate for the basic widths; for all the other widths, they will be mathematically inaccurate, in varying degrees, which are however imperceptible to the eye.

In such typewriters, the justifying lever L (Fig. 16) is at present fulcrumed on a fixed pin a of the frame A, usually by means of a slot L. This pin a may be compared to the stop K of the previous purely end-of-line justifying typewriters of the inventor, or to the pin E of the at-will complete or end-oiline justifying typewriters described in the present application, except for the fundamental difference that the lever L cannot leave the pin a.

The modification referred to consists (Fig. 17) in mounting the pin a on a component of the cursor type, which is adjustable along a graduated arm V of the frame having the same inclination as the lever L at the beginning of justifications, and which may be locked on that arm, after setting, by means of a milled nut 0. Arm V may be carried by a slider which is longitudinally adjustable on a rail of the frame parallel to the rack, in the same way as the contact slider m of Figs. 14 and 15, so that justifications may begin at any desired position of the platen. This is why the two screws which, in Fig. 17 connect this arm to the frame are symbolically represented in dotted lines. The graduations such as d of the arm V, as determined by the foregoing theory, may be engraved along one edge or both edges of the arm, and also, if necessary, along lines parallel to these edges.

Fig. 17, which is purely schematic, only illustrates the principle of improvements which may be embodied in these machines, i.e.: on the one hand, the oblique setting of the pin a, by means of which the justifying lever pivots on the frame (setting in the direction of the inclination of the lever L at the beginning of justifications), so that the arm length of the said lever L at the beginning of justifications may be modified in terms of justification widths which may henceforth vary by increments of one normal character spacing over a wide range; on the other hand, the longitudinal setting of the same pin or pivot a, by means of the longitudinal setting of its support with respect to the frame, so that justifications may begin at any desired point of the platen, thus removing all present limitations characterizing these machines as far as the lay-out of justified columns in the pages is concerned. 7

In regard to the first of these improvements, many other solutions than that shown in Fig. 17 may be used.

With the cursor c removed, forinstance, the pin a engaged in the slot L of the lever L may be extended by means of a leg for insertion into holes of the arm V, in.

the same manner as the leg of pin E (Fig. 14).

On the other hand, with the slot L of the lever L eliminated, the setting holes for the pin a may be bored in the lever L, and the end of pin a may move in a longitudinal slot of the arm V which is substituted for the slot L. The setting scales would then be carried by the lever L, and the pin linking the carriage to the rack should lock with respect to the said lever L after a justification setting has been made.

Finally, with both the slot L of the lever L as well as the cursor c eliminated, pairs of setting holes exactly opposite one to another may be drilled both in the lever L and the arm V. The pin a is then inserted into one of these pairs of holes for each justification width required. In this embodiment, the pivot O of the lever L should move in a longitudinal slot or groove of the said lever during the justifications, in exactly the same'way as the linking pin.

(3) Clearly apparent lines divide the arm or plate V into sections I, II, III, IV, etc. corresponding to the groups of pin E positions. In Fig. 14, one of these lines is perpendicular to OK and the other two are more or less sinuous. In Fig. 15, they are all parallel to OK, while Fig. 18 shows radial lines originating in the pivot Z Each section is identified in a particular manner, and the corresponding setting scale is similarly identified.

Identification may be by means of figures or letters. For instance, in a typewriter with four groups of normal terminal segments, 1, 2, 3, 4, or I, II, III, IV, or A, B, C, D, etc. It may also consist of various signs such as a diamond, heart, club, spade, or asterisk, sharp, flat and natural, etc. It may also be in colors. In this case, colors should only partially cover each section, for instance in the form of strips extending across the various sections Without interfering with the numbering of the holes, or in the form of circles, etc., and each setting scale should have a strip or circle of the same color as the corresponding section, which similarly does not interfere with the identification marks of the scale.

This reflex color association of the groups of pin E positions with their setting scale should not be confused with the identification of the notches of the setting scales 1 by colored marks corresponding to the colored marks of the space scale. Although based on the same principle, the use of color as means for association of elements to be simultaneously used, or for checking, it here serves a different purpose.

III

Any machine conforming to the invention may be used complete justifying typewriter.

(1) The scope of action in end-of-line justifying extends from the length of the normal terminal segment arbitrarily adopted for the work to be carried out, to the whole length of the platen. The relevant section of: this range, however hardly begins before approximately twice the length of the segment thus adopted when the blank typing of the terminal segments is carried out on the whole of the keyboard, and a little more than twice this length when it is done on the space bar. For column widths less than these approximate'limits, it is better to justify from a preparatory copy.

For instance, a column 62 normal character spacings wide may be established at the first attempt with a normal terminal segment of 30 normal character spacings (pin E inserted into hole 34 of the arm V, and 1st group setting scale), but it is somewhat more rapid, and above all, more aesthetic, to achieve it from a preparatory copy, using the longest normal terminal segment, i.e. that of 58 normal character spacings (hole 58 and 4th group setting scale). On the other hand, a column having a width of 120 normal character spacings Will be much more readily produced at first attempt with a normal terminal segment of from 30 to 40 normal character spacings than from a preparatory copy; it remains true, nevertheless, that justification from a preparatory copy with a normal terminal segment of 58 normal character spacings will usually be more aesthetic.

(2) As. a complete justifying typewriter, the machine has three fields. of application. In the main field, justification is automatic. In the other two, it requires certain manual interventions.

, The main field ranges from the length of the shortest to that of the longest normal terminal segment, i.e. from :30 to 58 normal character spacings in the machine designed toserve as an example.

A second field extends the main field by (57+1)/2=29 to. (3l+1)/2.=l6 normal character spacings. To achieve a column 18 normal character spacings wide, for instance, it is only necessary to give the justifying lever the. initial length 1 which would be required for justifications over 18. 21=35 normal character spacings (the pin B being in the hole 35 of the arm V), and to use the setting scale of the 2nd group by systematically doubling the settings which would be normally required; a line of 19 characters, for instance, will be typed on setting +2. instead of +1, a line of 16 characters on setting" 4, etc.

In this second field, therefore, the justification play is reduced by half; but on such narrow columns, the lines more than two characters short or in excess may be readily justified by using the extreme settings 4 or +4, with complementary modification of the intra-word spacings by longitudinal displacements of the contact slider m. These are the only manual interventions eventually required in this field.

A third field extends the main field to the whole length of the platen. Each line is dealt with in two sections and justification play is doubled, so that syllabic divisions may be almost entirely suppressed. The procedure differs slightly according to whether the column Width comprises an odd or an even number of normal character spacings.

To achieve an 'odd number column 2n1 normal character spacings wide, the typist operates on the normal terminal segment of 11 normal character spacings, i.e. with the setting scale of the group containing that segment, and with the initial level length I The column to be established is assumed to consist of a left half-column and a right half-column, each of them It normal character spacings Wide and overlapping to the extent of one normal character spacing, called the over-- lapping spacing. In other words, the overlapping spacing is at one and the same time the last character spacing of a first normal terminal segment of n normal character spacings and the first of a second normal termi nal segment of n normal character spacings.

Where a line to be justified, overshoots or falls short by an even number 2a of characters, a line, therefore,-

with a length of 2n-1i2a normal character spacings. the typist narrows or widens the nia first characters of the line over the length of the first normal terminal segment (the expression initial normal segment although more logical would unnecessarily complicate the terminology) by means of the +a or the a setting. In principle, however, the operator does not type the (nia)th character of the line, the printing of which would fall upon the overlapping spacing. There remainsv therefore characters to be imprinted over the length, n normal character spacings, of the second normal terminal segment. This will again be obtained with the setting +a. or a, i.e. without change of setting, after the following operations whereof the first and the last are not. visually controlled:

(a) Unlock the contact slider m and move it towards the left so that the justifyinglever L may return to its: rest position; the carriage simultaneously catches upv its differential sliding :ra normal character spacings with respect to the rack, i.e. if it had moved back to the ex tent of a normal character spacings in relation to the rack to contract the typing, it would automatically move forward by a such spacings, or vice versa;

(b) Bring back, opposite the type guide, the section of the platen where the character corresponding to the overlapping spacing would have been printed it typing had not been stopped. In practice, the corresponding position of the carriage is indicated by the coming into coincidence of an adjustable reference mark and a.

pointer. (It is precisely this coincidence which indicates when typing should be suspended.) The pointer may be fixed to the frame and consist of the pointer ale ready provided on previous purely end-of-line justifying typewriters of the inventor, to work in connection, with the space scale. When the said pointer is actually fixed to the frame, the adjustable reference mark, which must then be adjustable on the carriage (an adjustment necessarily to be made before typing begins),v may consist of the zero mark of the space scale, or be carried on one of the small rubber rollers of the paper bail;

(0) Bring the actuating stop K of the justifying lever L, i.e. pin E or socket E, back into contact with the latter and block the contact slider m on its rail'U.

If the typist should fail to arrest typing at the moment which is the most convenient from the theoreticalv viewpoint, it is of no significance. The required return into coincidence of the adjustable reference mark and the pointer constituting the operation b puts the elements of the machine back into their appropriate positions, and it is only necessary to blank type the few characters printed in excess.

In the case of a line with an excess or shortage of an odd number 2a+l of characters, which here again has to be justified over 2n-1 normal character spacings, the first part of the line may be typed with the setting ia and the second part with :(a-I-l), or vice;

versa. If the typist arrests typing at the precise moment when the reference mark arrives opposite the. pointer, the two parts of the line will match perfectly within the limits of the justification error which, however, is practically invisible. On the other hand, the follow through might be too uneven when several characters have been printed beyond the reference markpointer coincidence and, in such a case, it is better to finish the word in process of typing, before proceeding to operation a. This word, which should have; been. printed partly on setting ia, partly on. :(a-l-l), is thus 25 t. entirely printed on one and the same setting. As the difference between the successive settings used cannot exceed one unit, the resulting modification in word length, which is always very slight, is easily absorbed in the following intra-word spacing. The characters printed in excess are, of course, freshly blank-typed beginning from the carriage position given by operation b, and the change of setting should be made in this position.

The above explanations apply to columns of an odd number 2nl of normal character spacings.

Columns of an even number 2n of normal character spacings are supposed to be composed of adjacent halfcolumns n normal character spacings in width. Typing should now be stopped after the printing of the contracted or expanded character spacing which has been substituted for an nth normal character spacing. The appropriate arresting point is still shown by reference mark-pointer coincidence and here again, the printing of afew excess characters'is of little consequence. If the line to be justified is out one way or the other by an even number of characters, it is typed throughout on the same setting, equal to half the excess or shortage; if the difference corresponds to an odd number of characters, the change of setting required is again effected after operations as in (a) and (b) above have taken place.

Example.-Let a line of 89 characters be justified over 84 normal character spacings. The typist will operate over normal terminal segments of 84/ 2:42 normal character spacings, i.e. with the setting scale of the 3rd group and using hole 42 of the arm V. The line having an excess of 5 characters, the successive settings may be +2 and +3 (they could also be +3 and +2). In principle, typing should be arrested after the 42+2=44th contracted character has been printed. To this end, while the carriage abuts against the left-hand margin stop, the reference mark of the carriage is first set 42 normal charforward inrelation to the rack. The reference mark therefore simultaneously moves forward 2 normal character spacings in regard to the pointer. pointed our, operation a does not require any visual checking.

Operation b which here consists of two actions on the back-space key, brings the reference mark and pointer back into coincidence.

Finally, after or before operation c, the typist passes from the setting +2 to +3 whereby the last 45 characters of the line are crowded in the length of 42 normal char- Operations c may be normally carriedacter spacings. out without visual checking for the following reasons: Assoon as the typist has re-engaged pin E with the. justifying lever L by displacing the contact slider m towards the right, further movement of the slider in this direction would cause the lever L to rotate against the traction of the recall cable,-whence the sudden introduction of an appreciable, degree of pressure onpin E; the corresponding resistance of slider m to movement is felt by the typist. Practically, the lever L acts as a stop for pin E in this operation. The contact slider m is then locked on its rail U.

The 44th contracted character spacing corresponds to 70 The 45th con-.1

As already 26 regularity is of little significance by itself. However, in order to prevent the appearance of any series of such irregularities through the middle of the column, it is better to complete the word being typed when the coincidence occurs, whenever a line requires a change of setting.

The considerable justification play characteristic of machines according to the invention in justifications of this type makes it possible, as already mentioned, to almost entirely eliminate division hyphens. With the normal terminal segment of 58 normal character spacings, for in stance, the machine designed as above will justify lines of from 108 to 124 characters over 116 normal character spacings.

For the same purpose, in justification widths greater than twice the number of normal character spacings of the longest normal terminal segment (widths exceeding 116 normal character spacings in the present case), the procedure may be as follows: the width of justification required being N'+2n normal character spacings, with n=58, the column to be set up is taken as being formed by the juxtaposition of a left-hand column N '+1 normal character spacings wide, in which typing is normal, and a right-hand column 2nl normal character spacings wide which is dealt with as explained above. One could also consider the column as formed by the juxtaposition of a left-hand column N normal character spacings Wide wherein typing would be normal, and a right-hand column 2n normal character spacings wide which would be dealt with as just explained.

Finaly, if it is considered expedient to increase the justification play up to 24 normal character spacings, the lines may be justified in three steps, from a justification Width equal to three times the number of normal character spacings of the shortest normal terminal segment, less two normal character spacings, i.e. 30 3-2=88 normal character spacings in the machine designed as an example.

The above theory and developments apply of course to proportional spacing typewriters, in which the widths of the different characters are expressed in terms of a certain arbitrary unit. It sufiices to express the various variables and parameters involved (lengths of the normal terminal segments, initial lengths of the justifying lever, distances of the notches of the setting scales to the zero on the scales, justification play, 2 value and e value) in numbers of normal units instead of expressing them in numbers of normal character spacings.

The fact that certain parameters have been represented by numerical values in the theory set forth above does not in any way alter its general nature: clarity required that the formulae should be accompanied by at least one practical application. It has been accepted, moreover, that the justification play range from 4 to +4 normal character spacings, but the theory holds whatever the extent and distribution of this play. With closely set characters, where expansion is better than contraction, the play could extend, for instance, from 6 to +2, or even from 8 to +2, whereas for Widely set characters it. could extend from 2 to +6 or +8. Justifying typewriters operating by typing contractions only or typing expansions only are also included in the present invention.

What I claim is:

1. In an end-of-line justifying typewriter comprising a typewriter frame, an escapement rack thereon, a carriage slidable parallel to the rack, a rail on the frame parallel to the rack, a contact slider adjustably mounted on the rail, a stop on the slider, and a justifier having first, a plate connected to the rack, second, a base connected to the carriage, third, a justifying lever pivoted on the plate,

said lever contacting said .stop, and fourth, means adjustable on said base for pivotally connecting said lever thereto, the improvement which comprises a terminal segment spacing element mounted on the justifier base, said element having a plurality of justification setting scales, each of said scales coacting with said adjustable means to set the spacing for complete justifications over the lengths of a number of normal terminal segments forming a group around one of them constituting the group basic segment, said element being adjustable to alternately shift a different justification setting scale into operative position, and the provision of a plurality of positions for said stop for the purpose of setting the initial length of said lever in relation to the length of the normal terminal segment being used.

2. A typewriter according to claim 1 wherein during complete justifications over the lengths of the various normal terminal segments of a group, each of said justi fications being effected with an initial lever length corresponding to the length of the normal terminal segment used as a justification width and with the setting scale of the group, the justification lever assumes a reference inclination, which is a constant for the group considered, at the instant when is being printed the last character of lines having the same difference in length, i.e. representing the same justification case with respect to the normal terminal segment used to justify each of them, in order that each of these particular lines is accurately justified, said group being so constituted as to the extent of its various normal terminal segments on either side of the group basic segment and said justification case being so selected, that the justification error made when justifying a line representing another justification case with respect to the normal terminal segment used for justifying said line remains less than a given limit.

3. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the reference inclination and the justification case for which said inclination is assumed by the justifying lever at the time when the last character of lines belonging to said case is being printed in the course of justifications within a group of normal terminal segments are the same for all the groups of normal terminal segments, so that the initial lengths of the justifying lever form an arithmetical progression.

. 4. Complete justification process for doubling the normal justification play of typewriters according to claim 1. in justification. widths comprising a number of normal character spacings at least equal to twice that, n, of the shortest normal terminal segment, minus one normal character spacing, wherein the justification width required being 2n-1 normal character spacings, with n at least equal to 11, any line to be justified is divided in two consecutive portions, each to be completely justified over a normal terminal segment n normal character spacings wide, the two segments overlapping each other on the n'th normal character spacing of the first segment, said process consisting of: (a) setting the stop on the contact slider, the justification setting scale and adjustable means coacting therewith, as required for complete justification of the first portion of the line to a length of n normal character spacings; (b) setting and locking the contact slider on the rail of the frame for engagement of the stop with the justifying leverin rest inclination at the. beginning of justification; (c) effecting the complete justification of said first portion of the line up to and i11 cluding the overlapping character occupying the place of the nth normal character; (d) unlocking the contact. slider and sliding it toward the left for returning the justifying lever to its rest inclination and consequently returning the carriage to neutral position in relation to the escapement rack; (e) moving the carriage until the already printed overlapping character comes into line with the type guide; (f) re-setting and re-locking the contact slider for fresh engagement of the stop thereof with the justifying lever in rest inclination; (g) changing the setting of the adjustable means if required and justifying the second portion of the line to a length of 11' normal character spacings.

5. Complete justification process'for doubling the normal justification play of typewriters according to claim 1 I in' justification widths comprising a number of normal character spacings at least equal to twice that, n, of the shortest normal terminal segment, wherein the justification width required being 2n normal character spacings, with n at least equal to 11, any line to be justified is divided in two consecutive portions, each to be completely justified over a normal terminal segment n normal character spacings wide,'the two segments being adjacent, said process consisting of: (a) setting the stop on the contact slider, the justification setting scale and adjustable means co-acting therewith, as required for complete justification of the first portion of the line to a length of n normal character spacings; (b) setting and locking the contact slider on the rail of the frame for engagement of the stop with the justifying lever in rest inclination at the beginning of justification; (c) eifecting the complete justification of said first portion of the line up to and including the character thereof occupying the place of the n'th normal character; (d) unlocking the contact slider and sliding it toward the left for returning the justifying lever to its rest inclination and con-g sequently returning the carriage to neutral position in relation to the escapement rack; (e) bringing the carriage into position for typing the character immediately following the last character printed; (f) re-setting and relocking the contact slider for fresh engagement of the stop thereof with the justifying lever in rest inclination; (g) changing the setting of the adjustable means if required and justifying the second portion'of the line to a length of it normal character spacings.

6. End-of-line justification process for doubling the normal justification play of typewriters according to claim 1 in justification widths comprising a number of normal character spacings greater than twice that, N, of the longest normal terminal segment, wherein the justification width required being N '+2N normal character spacings, N being an arbitrary number of normal character spacings, each line to be justified is divided in two consecutive parts, the left-hand part comprising N+1 characters wherein typing is normal, and a right-hand part 2N-1 normal char-- acter spacings wide, the latter part being itself divided in two, consecutive portions, each to be completely justified over a normal terminal segment N normal character spacings wide, the two segments overlapping each other on the Nth normal character spacing of the first segment, said process consisting of: (a) typing the left-hand part of the line, comprising N '+1 characters, in a normal Way (I mean: with normally spaced characters); (17) setting the stop on the contact slider, the justification setting scale and adjustable means co-acting therewith, as required for complete justification of the first portion of the right-hand part of the line to a length of N normal character spacings; (c) the carriage being in the posi-- tion reached after the typing of the (N'+1)th character of the line, setting and locking the contact slider on' the rail of the frame for engagement of the stop with the justifying lever in rest inclination; (d) effecting the complete justification of said first portion of the right-hand part of the line up to and including the overlapping character occupying the place of the (N'+1+N)th normal character; (e) unlocking the contact slider and sliding it toward the left for returning the justifying lever to its rest inclination and consequently returning the carriage to neutral position in relation to the escapement rack;

( moving the carriage until the already printed over-,

29 the length of any basic segment does not substantially differ from this latter length.

8. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the initial lengths of justifying lever used for justifications over the lengths of certain basic segments may substantially differ from these latter lengths.

9. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the justification setting scales, equal in number to the number of basic segments, are cut in pairs along the longitudinal edges of detachable and interchangeable rectangular plates of equal size which may be piled one on the other and, thus piled, be applied to the justifier base through the instrumentality of a cradle with raised edges, the identification marks of the two scales of each plate being on one face of the plate for one scale and on the other face for the other scale, and said justifier base comprising securing and locking means (for the said plates and cradle.

10. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the justification setting scales required, four in number, are cut in pairs along the longitudinal edges of two rectangular plates of equal size joined together after notching so as to form an indivisible block, the identification marks of two of the scales appearing on one face of the block and those of the other two appearing on the other face, the said block comprising holding means at the ends and the justifier base comprising securing and locking means for said block.

11. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the various justification setting scales are cut along the generatrixes of a cylinder able to pivot around its axis and to be locked in the angular positions corresponding to the use of the various setting scales.

12. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the various justification setting scales having approximately the same length are formed on a cylinder by a series of substantially helicoidal grooves with very slight slope at each of their points, said cylinder being able to pivot around its axis to change the setting scale and then to be locked in the desired angular position.

13. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the justi- Elication setting scales are cut along the edges of a polygonal plate which is square for machines with four groups of normal terminal segments, hexagonal for machines with five or six groups, the mounting of said polygonal plate on the justifier base comprising securing and locking means, with a device to raise said polygonal plate when the scale must be changed.

14. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the contact slider longitudinally adjustable on the rail of the frame parallel to the rack is fitted with an arm provided with as many setting positions for the actuating stop of the justifying lever as there are normal terminal segments (setting of the initial lever length), said positions marked by holes forming endwise successive groups corresponding to the groups of normal terminal segments and said holes being along a straight line parallel to the rest inclination of the justifying lever or longitudinally staggered with respect to said straight line, each zone of the arm containing a given group of holes being clearly defined by boundary lines and identified by a particular mark, said mark being reproduced on the justification setting scale corresponding to said group of holes, and the lever actuating stop consisting of a removable cylin drical pin matching said holes.

15. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the contact slider longitudinally adjustable on the rail of the frame parallel to the rack is fitted with a plate provided with as many setting positions for the actuating stop of the justifying lever as there are normal terminal segments (setting of the initial lever length), said positions being marked by holes forming laterally adjacent groups corresponding to the groups of normal terminal segments and said holes being arranged in rows parallel to the rest inclination of the justifying lever, each zone of the plate 30 containing a given group of holes being clearly defined by boundary lines and identified by a particular mark,

said mark being reproduced on the justification setting scale corresponding to said group of holes, and the leyer actuating stop consisting of a removable cylindricalpin matching said holes.

the justifying lever as there are normal terminal segments (setting of the initial lever length), these positionsbeing marked by holes drilled in the plate along an arc of a circle and forming endwise adjacent groups, each zone of the arm containing a given group of holes being clearly defined by boundary lines and identified by a particular mark, said mark being reproduced on the justification setting scale corresponding to said group of holes, and the lever actuating stop consisting of a cylindrical pin carried by a spring arm pivoted at the centre of said are of a circle and able to lock the pin in the desired hole.

17. Typewriter according to claim 1 wherein the end of the justifying lever intended to come into engagement with the lever actuating stop consists of a detachable cylindrical rod inserting under slight pressure into the main non-detachable part of the lever.

18. End-of-line justification process for doubling the normal justification play of typewriters according to claim 1 in justification widths comprising a number of normal character spacings greater than twice that, N, of the longest normal terminal segment, wherein the justification width required being N+2N normal character spacings, N being an arbitrary number of normal character spacings, each line to be justified is divided in two consecutive parts, the left-hand part comprising N characters wherein typing is normal, and a right-hand part 2N normal character spacings wide, the latter part being itself divided in two consecutive portions, each to be completely justified over a normal terminal segment N normal character spacings wide, the two segments being adjacent, said process consisting of: (a) typing the lefthand part of the line, comprising N characters, in a normal way; (b) setting the stop on the contact slider, the justification setting scale and adjustable means co acting therewith, as required for complete justification of the first portion of the right-hand part of the line to a length of N normal character spacings; (c) the carriage being in the position reached after the typing of the Nth character of the line, setting and locking the contact slider on the rail of the frame for engagement of the stop with the justifying lever in rest inclination; (d) elfecting the complete justification of said first portion. of the righthand part of the line up to and including the character thereof occupying the place of the (N+N)th normal character; (e) unlocking the contact slider and sliding it toward the left for returning the justifying lever to its rest inclination and consequently returning the carriage to neutral position in relation to the escapement rack;

(f) bringing the carriage into position for typing the,

character immediately following the last character printed; (g) re-setting and. re-locking the contact slider for fresh engagement of the stop thereof with the justifying lever in rest inclination; (h) changing the setting of the adjustable means if required and justifying the second portion of the right-hand part of the line to a length of N normal character spacings.

, 19. In a justifying typewriter comprising a typewriter frame, an escapement rack thereon, a carriage slidable parallel to the rack, a pin on the frame and a justifier having: first, a. plate connected to the rack; second, a base connected to the carriage; third, a justifying lever pivoted on the plate, said lever having a slot in which,

said pin is engaged; fourth, means adjustable on said base for pivotally connectingsaid lever thereto, and fifth,

a line spacing element mounted on the justifier base, said 7 parallel to the rack, said pin being fitted ontosaid slider,

said slider having a number of positions for said pin for the purpose of setting the initial length of said lever in relation to the justification width required, thus providing the typewriter with a number of complete line justification widths largely exceeding the small number of said justification setting scales, said justification widths being consecutive by one character spacing and forming groups. 7 on either side of each of the previous single justification Widths.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,196,437

2,696,286 Leglise Dec. 7, 1954 Handley Apr. 9, 1940 

